

In the developed world, plumbing infrastructure is critical to public health and sanitation. The word derives from the Latin for lead, plumbum, as the first effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead pipes. Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids. Plumbing: Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications.Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation. While often an industrial process, welding may be performed in many different environments, including in open air, under water, and in outer space. Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame (chemical), an electric arc (electrical), a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being contaminated or oxidized. Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld.
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In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that, based on weld configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet, etc.), can be stronger than the base material (parent metal). Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.
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Pneumatics: Pneumatics (pronounced new-MATT-ix) is an aspect of physics and engineering that is concerned with using the energy in compressed gas to make something move or work.

